Inter+War+Years

media type="custom" key="5933391" **CH. 27 Sec. 1**

**Intro**

Some Latin American nations such as Argentina and Uruguay had democratic constitutions. However Military dictators or small groups of wealthy land owners held the real power. The tiny ruling class kept the economic benefits of the booming economy for themselves. The growing middle class and the lower class had no say in their government. these inequalities troubled many Latin American countries but in mexico the situation led to an explosive revolution.

**The Mexican Revolution**

By 1910 the Dictator Porfirio Diaz had ruled Mexico for almost 35 years winning reelection as president again and again. Diaz welcomed foreign investors who developed mines, built rail roads, and drilled for oil. Most of the peasants worked on haciendas. Haciendas are large plantations controlled by the land owning elite. The growing urban middle class wanted democracy and the elite resented the power of foreign companies. All of these groups opposed the Diaz Dictatorship.

The unrest boiled over in 1910 when Fransisco Madero a liberal reformer from an elite family demanded free elections. Faced with rebellion in several parts of the country Diaz resigned in 1911. Soon a Bloody complex struggle engulfed Mexico.

**Revolution Leads to Change** In 1917 voters elected Venustiano Carranza president of Mexico. That year Carranza reluctantly approved a new constitution that included land and labor reform. The constitution strengthened government control over the economy. It permitted the breakup of large estates, placed restrictions on foreigners owning land, and allowed nationalization or government takeover of natural resources.

The constitution did give women some rights. Women doing the same job as men were entitled to the same pay. Carranza also passed laws allowing married women to draw up contracts, take part in legal suits, and have equal authority with men in spending family funds.

Carranza was overthrown in 1920. In 1929 the government organized what later became the Industrial Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PRI managed to accommodate many groups in Mexican society, including business and military leaders, peasants, and workers. The PRI did this by adopting some of the goals of these groups, while keeping real power in it’s own hands. Using all of these tactics the PRI brought stability to Mexico and over time carried out many desired reforms. At first the Constitution of 1917 was just a set of goals to be achieved in the future. But in the 1920’s and 1930’s as the government finally restored order, it began to carry out reforms. In the 1930’s under president Lazaro Cardenas, millions of acres of land were redistributed to peasants under a communal land program. As the revolutionary era ended, Mexico became the first Latin American nation to pursue real social and economic reforms for the majority of its people.

The government also took a strong role in directing the economy. President Carenas decreed that the Mexican government would nationalize Mexico’s oil resources. American and British oil companies resisted Cardenas’s decision, but eventually accepted compensation for their losses. Mexicans felt that they had at last gained economic independence from foreign influence.

Mexico move to reclaim it oil fields from forgein investors reflected a growing spirit of nationalism through out Latin America. This spirit focused on an ending economic dependence on industrial powers, specially the Untied Sates.
 * Nationalism at work in Latin**

**Economic Nationalism** During the 1920 and the 1930’s world events affected Latin America economies. After world war 1 ended tread with europe fell off. The great depression that struck the Untied States in 1929 spread around the world in the 1930’s prices for Latin Americas exports plunged as it was demanded. The costs of importer consumer goods rose. They depended on export tread declined rapidly. A tied of economic nationalism or emphasis on home control the economy swept Latin America Economies. They were determined to make there own industries so they wouldn’t have to depend on any one else. Local entrepreneurs set up factory’s to produce more goods. Governments raise taxes on imports protect industries. They followed Mexico's lead and took over foreign assets.

**Political Nationalism** The great depression also triggered political changes in Latin America. The economic crisis caused people to lose faith in the ruling oligarchies and the ideas of liberal government.

Reviving old murals and painting new murals was considered taking pride in ones culture and life style. They often portray struggles of the Mexican people for liberty.
 * Cultural Nationalism**

This was a pledge to the Latin Americas from the united states that ensured the US to lower there interference in foreign affairs. The Latin people had began fighting the US troops that were stationed with Guerrilla war practices. This all took place during and after WWI.
 * The Good Neighbor Policy**


 * CH. 27 Sec. 2**

Jomo Kenyatta was a leader in Kenya's struggle for independence from British rule. 1920’s through the 1930’s, a new generation of leaders struggled to stop imperialism and restore Africa for Africans.
 * Intro**

In the 1900’s, almost every part of Africa was a part of Europe. Africans were not allowed to plant the most profitable law. Were they lived and traveled was restricted. During WWI, more than one million Africans had fought on behalf of there colonial rulers.
 * Africans Resist Colonial Rule**

Africans condemned colonial systems. Socialism was growing. Protest and opposition on imperialism grew.
 * Opposing Imperialism**

Between 1910 and 1940, the white population imposed a system of racial segregation. The goal was to ensure white economic, social, and political supremacy. They gave the better paying jobs to whites only. South African blacks had to carry passes at all times. They were forced to live in crowed “reserves” which located in dry fertile areas. Apartheid is a policy of rigid segregation. This is legalized racism and segregation.
 * Racial Segregation and Nationalism in South Africa**

In the 1920’s a movement known as Pan Africanism began to nourish the nationalist spirit and strengthen resistance. Pan Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent worldwide. Jamaica born Marcus Garvey. He preached a forceful appealing message.
 * Nationalism and an “Africa for Africans”**

**Pan African Congress Forges Ties** African Americans scholars and activist W.E.B. Dubois organized the first Pan African congress in 1919. It meant in Paris were the allies were holding there peace conference. Delegates from African colonies, the west indies, and the United States called on the Paris peace makers to prove a charter of rights for Africans. Although the western power ignored there demands, the pan african congress established cooperation among African and African American leaders.

**The Negritude Movement shows Pride** French speaking writers in the west African Caribbean further awakened self confidence among Africans through the Negritude Movement. In Negritude movement writer expressed pride in there African roots and protested colonial rule. Leopold Seignior was the best known Senegalese poet and celebrated Africa's rich cultural heritage. He fostered African pride by rejecting the negative views of African spread buy colonial rulers.

**Egypt Gains Independence** African nationalism brought little political change except to Egypt. Egyptians had suffered during world war 1 after the war protests, strikes, and riots forced Britain to c eruption in the Egyptian government.

**Turkey and Persia Modernize** Intense changes to the Middle east after world war 1 was caused by nationalist movements. The Ottoman empire was near collapsed in 1918. The arab lands were divided between Britain and France.

**Ataturk Sets Goals** In 1920 the Ottoman sultan reluctantly signed the treaty of servers in which the empire lost its Arab and North African lands. Sultan also had to give up some land to an asian minor to a number of countries including Greece. A greece force landed in the city of Smyrna to assert Greece’s claims. Mustafa Kemal overthrew the sultan defeated the greeks, and declared Turkey a republic. Kemal negotiated a new treaty and among other promises the treaty called for about 1.3 million greeks to leave Turkey, while some 4 hundred thousand Turks left greek. Kemal later took the name Ataturk meaning father of the Turks. Between 1923 and when he died in 1938 he forced through an ambitious program of radical reforms. His goal was to modernize turkey along the western side and to separate the religion to the government. To make sure that he would achieve his goals Ataturk, mandated that Islamic Traditions in several fields be replaced with Western alternatives.


 * Westernization Transforms Turkey**

Ataturk’s government encouraged industrial expansion. The government built railroads, set up factories, and hired westerners to advise on how to make Turkey economically independent. To many Turks he was a hero who was transforming Turkey into a strong modern power. Others questioned Ataturks dictatorial powers and complete rejection of religion in laws and government. They believed that islam could play a constructive role in a modern civil state.

**Nationalism and Reform at Work in Persia**

The success of Ataturk’s reforms inspired nationalists in neighboring Persia. In 1925, an ambitious army officer Reza Khan overthrew the shah. He set up his own dynasty with himself as shah.

Like Ataturk Reza Khan rushed to modernize Persia and make it fully independent. He built factories, roads and railroads and strengthened the army. He moved to replace Islamic law with secular law and encourage women to take part in public life. Muslim religious leaders fiercely condemned Reza Khan’s efforts to introduce western ways to the nation. Reza Khan also persuaded the British company that controlled Persia’s oil industry to give Persia a larger share of the profits and insisted that Persian workers be hired in all levels of the company. In the decades ahead, oil would become a major factor in Persia’s economy and foreign policy.

**Arab Nationalism in the Middle East**

Oil became a major factor throughout the Middle East during this period. The us of gasoline powered engines in various vehicles during WWI showed that oil was the fuel of the future. Foreign companies began to move into the Middle East to exploit large oil reserves.

**Pan-Arabism Grows**

Partly in response to foreign influence, Arab nationalism grew after WWI and gave rise to Pan-Arabism. This area includes Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco. Pan-Arabism emphasized the common history and language of Arabs and recalled the golden age of Arab civilization. The movement sought to free Arabs from foreign domination and unite them in their own state.

**Betrayal at the Peace Conference**

Arabs were outraged by the European controlled mandates set up at the Paris Peace Conference. During WWI, Arabs had helped the Allies against the Central Powers, especially the Ottoman Empire. In return for their help, the Allies led the Arabs to believe that they would gain independence after the war. Instead, the Allies carved up the Ottoman lands, giving France mandates in Syria and Lebanon and Britain mandates in Palestine and Iraq. Later, Britain gave a large part of the Palestine mandates, Trans- Jordan, to Abdullah for a kingdom.

Arabs felt betrayed by the West a feeling that has endured to this day. During the 1920’s and 1930’s their anger erupted in frequent protests and revolts against western imperialism. A major center of turmoil was the British mandates of Palestine. There Arab nationalists and Jewish nationalists known as Zionists increasingly clashed.

**Promises in Palestine**

Since Roman times Jews had dreamed of returning to the land of Judea or Israel. In 1897 Theodor Herzl responded to the growing anti-semitism or prejudice against Jewish people in Europe by founding the modern Zionist movement. Among other things violent pogroms against Jews in russia prompted thousands of them to migrate to Palestine.

During WWI the Allies made two conflicting sets of promises. First they promised Arabs their own kingdoms in former Ottoman lands including Palestine. Then in 1917 the British attempted to win the support of European Jews by issuing the Balfour Declaration. The declaration noted however that “that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine.” The stage was thus set for conflict between Arab and Jewish nationalists.


 * Ch. 27 Sec. 4**


 * Intro**

As the new Chinese republic took shape nationalists like Sun Yixian set the goal of “catching up and surpassing the powers east and west.” But that goal would remain a distant dream as China suffered the turmoil of civil war and foreign invasion.


 * The Chinese Republic in Trouble**

China’s Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911. The president of China’s new republic Sun Yixian hoped to rebuild China on the three principles of the people nationalism, democracy, and economic security for everyone. But he made little progress.


 * The Warlord Problem**

In 1912 Sun Yixian stepped down as president in favor of Yuan Shikai a powerful general. The military did not support Yuan and opposition divided the nation. When Yuan died in 1916 china plunged into still greater disorder.

As rival armies battled for control the economy collapsed and millions of peasants suffered terrible hardships.


 * Foreign Imperialism**

During this period of upheaval foreign powers increased their influence over Chinese affairs. During WWI Japanese officials presented Yuan Shikai with the Twenty-One Demands a list of demands that sought to make China a Japanese protectorate. Then in 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference the Allies gave Japan control over some former German possessions in China. **May Fourth Movement**

In response student protests erupted in Beijing on May 4, 1919 and later spread to cities across China. The protests set off a cultural and intellectual ferment known as the May Fourth Movement. Reformers sought to improve China’s position by rejecting confucian traditions and learning from the West. As in Meiji Japan they hoped to use there new knowledge to end foreign domination. Women played a key role in the May Fourth Movement. Their work helped open doors for women in education and the economy.


 * The Appeal of Marxism**

Some Chinese turned to the revolutionary ideas of Marx and Lenin. The Soviet Union was more than willing to train Chinese students and military officers to become the vanguard, or elite leaders of a communist revolution. By the 1920’s a small group of Chinese communists had formed their own political party.

In 1921 Sun Yixian and his Gumomindang of nationalist party, established a government in south china. He planned on raising an army defeating all warlords and to spread his government rule all over china. When the western democracies refused to help he excepted add from the soviet Union and then he joined forces with a small group of Chinese communist. He still believed that chinas future should be based on his three principles of the people.
 * Struggle For A New China**

**Jiang Jieshi Leads The Nationalist** After Sun death is 1925, Jiang Jieshi took over the Gumomindang Jiang was determined to smash the power of the warlords and reunite china. He had no interest in democracy or communism. In 1926 began the Northern expedition and corruption with the chinese communist. In the northern Expedition Jiang led the combined forces into northern china, crushing or winning over local warlords as he advanced in capturing beijing. He would go on to take control of the new government lead by the Gumomindang but with out the communist. In mid campaign Jiang seized the chance to strike at the Chinese communist party, which he saw as a threat to his power. The communist were winning converts among the small proletariat in cites like Shanghai. Early in 1927 Jiang ordered Gumomindang troops to slaughter communist party members and workers who supported them. In Shanghai and the surrounding cities thousands of people were killed. This measure marked the beginning of the civil war between the communist and Gumomindang t years that lasted 22 years.

**Mao Zedong and the Communist** Among the communist who escaped Jiangs attack was a young revolutionary of peasant origins, Mao Zedong. Unlike earlier Chinese communist Zedong believed that the communist should seek support not among small urban working class but among the large peasant masses. Although the communist were persuade at every turn by the Gumomindang, Mao was optimistic about eventual success. In the southeastern china Zedong and the communist distributed land to peasants and promised other reforms.


 * Aggression**

**Japanese Invasion**

In 1931, Japan ivaded Manchuria. Jiang formed a united front with the communist against Japan. In 1937, the second sino-Japanese war was sparked. Japan overran __eastern__ china. Japanese killed hundreds of thousands of people. Japan then invaded Nanjing on December 13th. Again, they had killed hundreds of thousands of people. The invasion was and is known as the “Rape of Nanjing”

**Looking Ahead**

The bombing of Pearl Harbor brought the US into a war against the Japanese government and led them into an alliance with the chinese government. Mao’s communist controlled much of the northern and central china. Mao imposed revolutionary change in china for years.

**Ch. 27 Sec. 5**


 * Conflicting Forces in Japan**

Hirohito reigned from 1926-1929 and astonishing 63 years. During those decades Japan experienced remarkable successes and appalling tragedies. In this section we will focus on the 1920’s and 1930’s when the pressures of extreme nationalism and economic upheaval set Japan on a militaristic and expansionist path that would engulf all of Asia.

**Japan on the Rise in the 1920’s**

In the 1920’s Japan moved toward greater prosperity and democracy. To strengthen it’s relationship with other countries Japan drew back from some of it’s imperial goals in the 1920’s. The economic crisis of the Great Depression in the 1930’s would bring them to light.

**Growth and Expansion After WWI**

During WWI the Japanese economy enjoyed remarkable growth. Heavy industrial production grew making Japan a true industrial power. Japan annexed Korea as a colony in 1910. During thew war Japan also sought further rights in China with the Twenty-One Demands. After the war Japan took over former German possessions in East Asia including the Shandong province in China.

**Liberal Changes in the 1920’s**

Elected members of the Diet-the Japanese parliament- exercised their power. In 1925 all adult men regardless of class won the right to vote. In addition Western ideas about women’s rights brought some changes. They would not win suffrage or the right to vote until 1945.

Despite leaning toward greater democracy political parties were manipulated by the zaibatsu Japan’s powerful business leaders. They pushed for policies that favored international trade and their own interests.

Japan’s aggressive expansion began to affect the economic relationship with the Western powers. To protect relations moderate Japanese politicians decided to slow down foreign expansion. In 1922 Japan signed an agreement to limit the size of it’s navy with the United States, Britain, and France.

**Problems Below the Surface**

Rural peasants did not share in the nation’s prosperity. In the cities factory workers earned low wages. Their poverty drew them to the socialists ideas of Marx and Lenin.

The younger generation adopted western fads and fashions. They also rejected family authority for the Western ideal of individual freedom shocking their elders.

During the 1920’s tensions between the government and the military simmered not far below the surface. Conservatives especially military officers blasted government corruption including payoffs by the powerful zaibatsu. They also condemned Western influences for undermining basic Japanese values of obedience and respect for authority.

Although the economy grew throughout the 1920’s it experienced many highs and lows. One low point occurred when a devastating earthquake struck the Tokyo are in 1923. The earthquake and the widespread fires it caused resulted in deaths of over 100,000 people and damaged more than 650,000 buildings. As many as forty-five percent of surviving workers lost their jobs because so many businesses were destroyed.

**The Nationalist Reaction**

In 1929, the great depression rippled acrossed the pacific ocean, striking japan with devastating force. There treads suffered as foreign buyer could no longer afford to purchase japanese silks and other experts. Peopling being unplowed in the cities soared while rule peasants.

**Unrest Grows**

Economic disaster fled the discontent of the leading military officials and extreme nationalist, or ultralnationalists. They commended politicians condemned politicians for agreeing to western demands to stop over seas expiation. Western industrial powers, they pointed out, had long ago grabbed huge empires. Japanese nationalist were completely out raged by racial polices in the United States Canada and Australia that left out Japanese immigrants. Japanese did not like being treated as second class citizens in other parts of the world. Empire in Asia would provide much needed materials Japanese rapidly growing population. Northern China had rich natural resources and Japanese already had a lot of business at that place.

**The Manchurian Incident** In 1931, a group of japanese officers caused an incident that provided an excuse to seas Manchurian. They set up explosives and blew up tracks on the railroad and they blamed it on the chinese. Japanese clammed self defense and then they attacked Chinese forces. Japanese military forces conquered all of Manchurian without talking to there own government about it, and they made that place a puppet state and it was called Manzhouguo. The league condemned japanese aggression against china, japanese simpally with drew them selves from the league.

Era 7 Europe Before WWI WWI End and Consequences of WWI Making The Peace WWII
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