4.1

=4.1.1 Crisis in the Classical World:= Explain the responses to common forces of change that led to the ultimate collapse of classical empires and discuss the consequences of their collapse. (See 4.3.3; 4.3.4; 4.3.5)

=4.1.2 World Religions:= Using historical and modern maps and other documents, analyze the continuing spread of major world religions during this era and describe encounters between religious groups including
 * Islam and Christianity (Roman Catholic and Orthodox) – increased trade and the Crusades
 * Islam and Hinduism in South Asia (See 5.3.3)
 * continuing tensions between Catholic and Orthodox Christianity

=4.1.3 Trade Networks and Contacts:= Analyze the development, interdependence, specialization, and importance of interregional trading systems both within and between societies including
 * land-based routes across the Sahara, Eurasia and Europe
 * water-based routes across Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, South China Sea, Red and Mediterranean Seas